Patterns

What the cases have in common

Counts across the 1,321 cases in this database. It is built from monitoring of news and enforcement announcements, so it shows recent patterns, not a statistically representative sample.

Cases by industry

Investment funds & advisory 472

Trading, forex & commodities 294

Real estate 272

Lending & cash advance 85

Crypto & digital assets 60

Energy & alternative assets 60

Insurance-linked 30

Legal & litigation funding 17

Agriculture & cattle 15

Trucking & transport 9

Not specified 7

Cases by state (top 15)

California 203

Florida 160

New York 105

Texas 101

New Jersey 51

Illinois 50

North Carolina 42

Utah 42

Pennsylvania 35

Michigan 34

Colorado 32

Massachusetts 29

Ohio 28

Georgia 27

Virginia 23

All states →

How investors were recruited

Local investor networks 528

Advisors, brokers & sales agents 213

Not specified 177

Online, social media & seminars 120

Friends, family & referrals 118

Faith communities 86

Ethnic & immigrant communities 58

Sports & coaching networks 21

Grouped from each case's recruitment description; each case counted once under its most specific channel.

Reported money involved, by industry

Investment funds & advisory $79.6B

Real estate $11.3B

Crypto & digital assets $10.3B

Trading, forex & commodities $8.8B

Lending & cash advance $3.5B

Energy & alternative assets $3.4B

Insurance-linked $2.4B

Legal & litigation funding $1.9B

Agriculture & cattle $1.2B

Trucking & transport $698M

Not specified $52.4M

Case size

Under $10M 675

$10M–$50M 413

$50M–$100M 97

$100M–$500M 108

$500M+ 28